Competition authorities have two instruments in investigating and penalizing cartels: the stick of high fines and the carrot of leniency for parties that come forward and report their involvement in a cartel. With regard to the carrot, the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (
Autoriteit Consument en Markt; “ACM”) made significant progress last year. Unlike in the past, immunity will be possible in future after ACM has already launched an investigation into the cartel.
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